Table 1: Non-cosmetic Breast Surgery Reasons for Exclusion
| Reference details | Reason for exclusion | |
| 1 | Abdul LMS, Putland AJ, McCluskey A, Meadows DP, Remington SA. Oral midazolam premedication for day case breast surgery, a randomised prospective double-blind placebo-controlled study. Anaesthesia 2001; 56(10):990-4. | no pain scores |
| 2 | Abdullah TI, Iddon J, Barr L, Baildam AD, Bundred NJ. Prospective randomized controlled trial of preservation of the intercostobrachial nerve during axillary node clearance for breast cancer. British Journal of Surgery 1998; 85(10):1443-5. | no pain scores |
| 3 | Anand R, Skinner R, Dennison G, Pain JA. A prospective randomised trial of two treatments for wound seroma after breast surgery. European journal of surgical oncology : the journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology 2002; 28(6):620-2. | no pain scores |
| 4 | Atanassoff PG, Alon E, Pasch T, Ziegler WH, Gautschi K. Intercostal nerve block for minor breast surgery. Regional Anesthesia 1991; 16(1):23-7. | no pain scores |
| 5 | Bonezzi C, Miotti D, Bettaglio R, Demartini L, Stephen R. Electromotive drug administration (EMDA) for pain following mastectomy. European Journal of Pain 1993; 14(3):65-6. | case study |
| 6 | Bosek V, Smith DB, Cox C. Ketorolac or fentanyl to supplement local anesthesia? Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1992; 4(6):480-3. | surgery included lumpectomy, biopsy or central venous catheter placement, not separated |
| 7 | Brozovic G, Vrdoljak DV, Ramljak V. Analgesia after surgery for breast tumor. Libri Oncologici 2003; 31(1-3):75-9. | review paper |
| 8 | Bundred N, Maguire P, Reynolds J, Grimshaw J, Morris J, Thomson L, Barr L, Baildam A. Randomised controlled trial of effects of early discharge after surgery for breast cancer. British Medical Journal (Clinical research ed.) 1998; 317(7168):1275-9. | no pain scores |
| 9 | Chadbourne EB, Zhang S, Gordon MJ, Ro EY, Ross SD, Schnur PL, Schneider RPR. Clinical outcomes in reduction mammaplasty: A systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2001; 76(5):503-10. | review paper |
| 10 | Chan MT, Chui PT, Ho WS, King WW. Single-dose tropisetron for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting after breast surgery. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 1998; 87(4): 931-5. | anti-emetics study |
| 11 | Chiu CL, Chan YK, Ong GS, Delilkan AE. A comparison of the maintenance and recovery charcateristic of sevoflurane-nitrous oxide against isoflurane-nitrous oxide anaesthesia. Singapore Medical Journal 2000; 41(11):530-3. | no pain scores |
| 12 | Daltrey I, Thomson H, Hussien M, Krishna K, Rayter Z, Winters ZE. Randomized clinical trial of the effect of quilting latissimus dorsi flap donor site on seroma formation. The British Journal of Surgery 2006; 93(7):825-30. | breast reconstruction |
| 13 | Doss NW, Ipe J, Crimi T, Rajpal S, Cohen S, Fogler RJ, Michael R, Gintautas J. Continuous thoracic epidural anesthesia with 02% ropivacaine versus general anesthesia for perioperative management of modified radical mastectomy. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2001; 92(6):1552-7. | inappropriate randomisation |
| Dua N, Bhatnagar S, Mishra S, Singhal AK. Granisetron and ondansetron for prevention of nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing modified radical mastectomy. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2004; 32(6):761-4. | no pain scores | |
| 14 | Eija K, Tiina T, Pertti N. Amitriptyline effectively relieves neuropathic pain following treatment of breast cancer. Pain 1995; 64:293-302 | 10-week study of patients with neuropathic pain following breast surgery |
| Eldrup J, Wied U, Andersen B. Randomised trial comparing Proximate stapler with conventional skin closure. Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica 1981; 147(7):501-2. | mixed surgery, abdominal and breast, not separated | |
| 15 | Enqvist B, Björklund C, Engman M, Jakobsson J. Preoperative hypnosis reduces postoperative vomiting after surgery of the breasts A prospective, randomized and blinded study. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1997; 41(8):1028-32. | emesis study using hypnosis |
| 16 | Fassoulaki A. Brachial plexus block for pain relief after modified radical mastectomy. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1982; 61(12):986-7. | no pain scores |
| 17 | Fassoulaki A, Sarantopoulos C, Derveniotis C. Physostigmine increases the dose of propofol required to induce anaesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal canadien d’anesthésie 1997; 44(11):1148-51. | no pain scores |
| 18 | Fayman M, Beeton A, Potgieter E, Becker PJ. Comparative analysis of bupivacaine and ropivacaine for infiltration analgesia for bilateral breast surgery. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 2003; 27(2):100-3. | cosmetic breast surgery, either augmentation or reduction |
| 19 | Gan TJ, Ginsberg B, Grant AP, Glass PS. Double-blind, randomized comparison of ondansetron and intraoperative propofol to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesthesiology 1996; 85(5): 1036-42. | anti-emetics study |
| 20 | Gerber L, Lampert M, Wood C, Duncan M, D’Angelo T, Schain W, McDonald H, Danforth D, Findlay P, Glatstein E, et al. Comparison of pain, motion, and edema after modified radical mastectomy vs local excision with axillary dissection and radiation. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 1992; 21(2):139-45. | no pain scores |
| 21 | Groeben H, Schäfer B, Pavlakovic G, Silvanus MT, Peters J. Lung function under high thoracic segmental epidural anesthesia with ropivacaine or bupivacaine in patients with severe obstructive pulmonary disease undergoing breast surgery. Anesthesiology 2002; 96(3):536-41. | no pain scores |
| 22 | Guo X, Yi J, Ye T, Luo A, Huang Y, Ren H. Comparison of remifentanil and fentanyl in patients undergoing modified radical mastectomy or total hysterectomy. Chinese Medical Journal 2003; 116(9):1386-90. | mixed surgery: radical mastectomy and total hysterectomy; no pain scores |
| 23 | Hammas B, Thörn SE, Wattwil M. Superior prolonged antiemetic prophylaxis with a four-drug multimodal regimen – comparison with propofol or placebo. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002; 46(3):232-7. | anti-emetics study |
| 24 | Hegi TR, Bombeli T, Seifert B, Baumann PC, Haller U, Zalunardo MP, Pasch T, Spahn DR. Effect of rofecoxib on platelet aggregation and blood loss in gynaecological and breast cancer surgery compared with diclofenac. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004; 92(4):523-31. | mixed surgery: hysterectomy and breast |
| 25 | Heitz L, Symreng T, Scamman FL. Effect of music therapy in the postanesthesia care unit: a nursing intervention. Journal of Post Anesthesia Nursing 1992; 7(1):22-31. | mixed surgery: thyroid, parathyroid and breast |
| 26 | Hussain SM. Failure of diclofenac sodium suppository to augment nalbuphine hydrochloride post-operative analgesia after daycare surgery. Specialist 1998; 14(3):267-70. | no randomisation |
| 27 | Imai Y, Mammoto T, Murakami K, Kita T, Sakai T, Kagawa K, Kirita T, Sugimura M, Kishi Y. The effects of preanesthetic oral clonidine on total requirement of propofol for general anesthesia. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1998; 10(8):660-5. | no pain scores |
| 28 | Johansen J, Overgaard J, Blichert TM, Overgaard M. Treatment morbidity associated with the management of the axilla in breast-conserving therapy. Acta Oncologica 2000; 39(3):349-54. | breast conserving therapy; no pain scores |
| 29 | Kakagia D, Fotiadis S, Tripsiannis G. Levobupivacaine versus ropivacaine infiltration analgesia for mastopexy: A comparative study of 2 long-acting anesthetic drugs in infiltrative anesthesia for mastopexy. Annals of Plastic Surgery 2005; 55(3):258-61. | mastopexy (breast lift); no randomisation |
| 30 | Kakehata J, Ogino H, Sasaki K, Mashio H, Gohda Y, Komura Y, Imai M, Kemmotsu O. Postoperative pain relief by preanesthetic administration of buprenorphine suppository in elective mastectomy. Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 1993; 42(8):1184-9. | Japanese; randomised? |
| 31 | Kasaba T, Yoshikawa G, Seguchi T, Takasaki M. Epidural fentanyl improves the onset and spread of epidural mepivacaine analgesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1996; 43(12):1211-5. | no pain scores |
| 32 | Klein SM, Bergh A, Steele SM, Georgiade GS, Greengrass RA. Thoracic paravertebral block for breast surgery. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2000; 90(6):1402-5. | cosmetic breast surgery, augmentation or reconstruction |
| 33 | Laisalmi M, Eriksson H, Koivusalo AM, Pere P, Rosenberg P, Lindgren L. Ketorolac is not nephrotoxic in connection with sevoflurane anesthesia in patients undergoing breast surgery. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2001; 92(4):1058-63. | no pain scores |
| 34 | Laisalmi M, Teppo AM, Koivusalo AM, Honkanen E, Valta P, Lindgren L. The effect of ketorolac and sevoflurane anesthesia on renal glomerular and tubular function. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2001; 93(5):1210-3. | no pain scores |
| 35 | Layeeque R, Hochberg J, Siegel E, Kunkel K, Kepple J, Henry TRS, Dunlap M, Seibert J, Klimberg VS. Botulinum toxin infiltration for pain control after mastectomy and expander reconstruction. Annals of Surgery 2004; 240(4):608-13. | not randomised; mastectomy with tissue expander placement; no pain scores |
| 36 | Legeby M, Segerdahl M, Sandelin K, Wickman M, Ostman K, Olofsson C. Immediate reconstruction in breast cancer surgery requires intensive post-operative pain treatment but the effects of axillary dissection may be more predictive of chronic pain. Breast (Edinburgh Scotland) 2002; 11(2):156-62. | randomisation by date of birth |
| 37 | Lindahl JB, Nydert P, Giesecke K, Persson PM, Movin T, Segerdahl M. Pre-packed take-home analgesics in ambulatory surgery. Acute Pain 2006; 8(1):13-21. | mixed surgeries: ‘breast surgery’ (not defined), knee arthroscopy, varicose veins or anal fistulae |
| 38 | Lotze MT, Duncan MA, Gerber LH, Woltering GA, Rosenberg SA. Early versus delayed shoulder motion following axillary dissection. A randomized prospective study. Annals of Surgery 1981; 193(3):288-95. | no pain scores |
| 39 | McCarthy PM, Martin JK, Jr., Wells DC, Welch JS, Ilstrup DM. An aborted, prospective, randomized trial of sclerotherapy for prolonged drainage after mastectomy. Surgery Gynecology & Obstetrics 1986; 162(5):418-20. | no pain scores; study aborted early due to severe pain associated with sclerosing treatment |
| 40 | Morley FP, Newton PT, Cook MJ. Ketorolac and indomethacin are equally efficacious for the relief of minor postoperative pain. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien d’anesthésie 1993; 40(12):1126-30. | mixed surgeries: breast biopsy, diagnostic laparoscopy or cervical conization |
| 41 | Paredes JP, Puente JL, Potel J. Variations in sensitivity after sectioning the intercostobrachial nerve. American Journal of Surgery 1990; 160(5):525-8. | prospective study; no randomisation; no treatment groups; no pain scores |
| 42 | Purhonen S, Niskanen M, Wüstefeld M, Mustonen P, Hynynen M. Supplemental oxygen for prevention of nausea and vomiting after breast surgery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003; 91(2):284-7. | absence of pain-related information |
| 43 | Purushotham AD, McLatchie E, Young D, George WD, Stallard S, Doughty J, Brown DC, Farish C, Walker A, Millar K, Murray G. Randomized clinical trial of no wound drains and early discharge in the treatment of women with breast cancer. The British Journal of Surgery 2002; 89(3):286-92. | no pain scores |
| 44 | Reihnér E, Grunditz R, Giesecke K, Gustafsson LL. Postoperative nausea and vomiting after breast surgery: efficacy of prophylactic ondansetron and droperidol in a randomized placebo- controlled study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2000; 17(3):197-203. | no pain scores |
| 45 | Riest G, Peters J, Weiss M, Pospiech J, Hoffmann O, Neuhäuser M, Beiderlinden M, Eikermann M. Does perioperative administration of rofecoxib improve analgesia after spine, breast and orthopaedic surgery? European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2006; 23(3):219-226. | mixed surgeries: spine, breast and orthopaedic |
| 46 | Rosaeg O, Bell M, Cicutti N, Dennehy K, Lui A, Krepski B. Pre-incision infiltration with lidocaine reduces pain and opioid consumption after reduction mammoplasty. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 1999; 23(6):575-9. | reduction mammoplasty for mammary hypertrophy |
| 47 | Salmon RJ, Ansquer Y, Asselain B. Preservation versus section of intercostal-brachial nerve IBN in axillary dissection for breast cancer–a prospective randomized trial. European Journal of Surgical Oncology: the Journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology 1998; 24(3):158-61. | no pain scores |
| 48 | Shamley DR, Barker K, Simonite V, Beardshaw A. Delayed versus immediate exercises following surgery for breast cancer: a systematic review. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 2005; 90(3):263-71. | review paper; no pain scores |
| 49 | Sperhacke D, Geier KO, Eschiletti JCC. High thoracic epidural anesthesia associated or not to low thoracic epidural anesthesia in outpatient procedures: Clinical implications. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004; 54(4):479-90. | cosmetic breast surgery; no pain scores |
| 50 | Strømskag KE, Hauge O, Steen PA. Distribution of local anesthetics injected into the interpleural space, studied by computerized tomography. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1990; 34(4):323-6. | mixed surgeries: cholecystectomy, renal or breast surgery |
| 51 | Tang J, White PF, Wender RH, Naruse R, Kariger R, Sloninsky A, Karlan MS, Uyeda RY, Karlan SR, Reichman C, Whetstone B. Fast-track office-based anesthesia: A comparison of propofol versus desflurane with antiemetic prophylaxis in spontaneously breathing patients. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2001 Jan; 92(1):95-9. | mixed surgeries: hernia repair, partial mastectomy and ‘others’; no pain scores |
| 52 | Vanacker BF. The impact of nitrous oxide on postoperative nausea and vomiting after desflurane anesthesia for breast surgery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 1999; 50(2):77-81. | ‘breast surgery’ not defined; no pain scores |
| 53 | Watson CP, Evans RJ. The postmastectomy pain syndrome and topical capsaicin: a randomized trial. Pain 1992; 51(3):375-9. | not surgical study; treatment of postmastectomy pain syndrome |
| 54 | Wattwil M, Thörn SE, Lövqvist A, Wattwil L, Gupta A, Liljegren G. Dexamethasone is as effective as ondansetron for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting following breast surgery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2003; 47(7):823-7. | anti-emetics study |
| 55 | Whelan TJ, Levine M, Julian J, Kirkbride P, Skingley P. The effects of radiation therapy on quality of life of women with breast carcinoma: Results of a randomized trial. Cancer 2000; 88(10):2260-6. | no pain scores |