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17. Bowrey S, Hamer J, Bowler I, Symonds C, Hall JE. A comparison of 0.2 and 0.5 mg intrathecal morphine for postoperative analgesia after total knee replacement. Anaesthesia 2005;60(5):449-52.


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19. Burnett RS, Haydon CM, Rorabeck CH, Bourne RB. Patella resurfacing versus nonresurfacing in total knee arthroplasty: results of a randomized controlled clinical trial at a minimum of 10 years’ followup. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research 2004(428):12-25.


20. Buvanendran A, Kroin JS, Tuman KJ, Lubenow TR, Elmofty D, Moric M, Rosenberg AG. Effects of perioperative administration of a selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor on pain management and recovery of function after knee replacement: a randomized controlled trial.[see comment]. JAMA 2003;290(18):2411-8.


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22. Casati A, Vinciguerra F, Cappelleri G, Aldegheri G, Fanelli G, Putzu M, Chelly JE. Adding clonidine to the induction bolus and postoperative infusion during continuous femoral nerve block delays recovery of motor function after total knee arthroplasty. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2005;100(3):866-72.


23. Cheville A, Chen A, Oster G, McGarry L, Narcessian E. A randomized trial of controlled-release oxycodone during inpatient rehabilitation following unilateral total knee arthroplasty.[erratum appears in J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001 Jun;83-A(6):915]. Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery – American Volume 2001;83-A(4):572-6.


24. Cole PJ, Craske DA, Wheatley RG. Efficacy and respiratory effects of low-dose spinal morphine for postoperative analgesia following knee arthroplasty.[see comment]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;85(2):233-7.


25. Confalonieri N, Manzotti A, Pullen C. Is closed-suction drain necessary in unicompartmental knee replacement? A prospective randomised study. Knee 2004;11(5):399-402.


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27. Dang CP, Gautheron E, Guilley J, Fernandez M, Waast D, Volteau C, Nguyen JM, Pinaud M. The value of adding sciatic block to continuous femoral block for analgesia after total knee replacement. Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine 2005;30(2):128-133.


28. Davies AF, Segar EP, Murdoch J, Wright DE, Wilson IH. Epidural infusion or combined femoral and sciatic nerve blocks as perioperative analgesia for knee arthroplasty.[see comment]. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;93(3):368-74.


29. D’Lima DD, Colwell Jr CW, Morris BA, Hardwick ME, Kozin F. The effect of preoperative exercise on total knee replacement outcomes. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research. Issue 1996;326(pp 174-182).


30. Edwards ND, Wright EM. Continuous low-dose 3-in-1 nerve blockade for postoperative pain relief after total knee replacement. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1992;75(2):265-7.


31. Eggers KA, Jenkins BJ, Power I. Effect of oral and i.v. tenoxicam in postoperative pain after total knee replacement. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;83(6):876-81.


32. Esler CN, Blakeway C, Fiddian NJ. The use of a closed-suction drain in total knee arthroplasty. A prospective, randomised study.[see comment]. Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery – British Volume 2003;85(2):215-7.


33. Farag E, Dilger J, Brooks P, Tetzlaff JE. Epidural analgesia improves early rehabilitation after total knee replacement. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2005;17(4):281-5.


34. Fernandez-Galinski D, Rue M, Moral V, Castells C, Puig MM. Spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine and fentanyl in geriatric patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1996;83(3):537-41.


35. Ferrante FM, Fanciullo GJ, Grichnik KP, Vaisman J, Sacks GM, Concepcion MA. Regression of sensory anesthesia during continuous epidural infusions of bupivacaine and opioid for total knee replacement. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1993;77(6):1179-84.


36. Ferrante FM, Orav EJ, Rocco AG, Gallo J. A statistical model for pain in patient-controlled analgesia and conventional intramuscular opioid regimens. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1988;67(5):457-61.


37. Fisher DA, Trimble SM, Breedlove K. The medial trivector approach in total knee arthroplasty. Orthopedics 1998;21(1):53-6.


38. Forster JG, Rosenberg PH. Small dose of clonidine mixed with low-dose ropivacaine and fentanyl for epidural analgesia after total knee arthroplasty. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;93(5):670-7.


39. Frost H, Lamb SE, Robertson S. A randomized controlled trial of exercise to improve mobility and function after elective knee arthroplasty. Feasibility, results and methodological difficulties. Clinical Rehabilitation 2002;16(2):200-9.


40. Ganapathy S, Wasserman RA, Watson JT, Bennett J, Armstrong KP, Stockall CA, Chess DG, MacDonald C. Modified continuous femoral three-in-one block for postoperative pain after total knee arthroplasty.[see comment]. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1999;89(5):1197-202.


41. Gibbons CE, Solan MC, Ricketts DM, Patterson M. Cryotherapy compared with Robert Jones bandage after total knee replacement: a prospective randomized trial. International Orthopaedics 2001;25(4):250-2.


42. Grace D, Fee JP. Ineffective analgesia after extradural tramadol hydrochloride in patients undergoing total knee replacement. Anaesthesia 1995;50(6):555-8.


43. Harms M, Engstrom B. Continuous passive motion as an adjunct to treatment in the physiotherapy management of the total knee arthroplasty patient. Physiotherapy 1991;77(4):301-307.


44. Hendolin H, Nuutinen L, Kokki H, Tuomisto L. Does morphine premedication influence the pain and consumption of postoperative analgesics after total knee arthroplasty? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1996;40(1):81-5.


45. Hilding MB, Backbro B, Ryd L. Quality of life after knee arthroplasty. A randomized study of 3 designs in 42 patients, compared after 4 years. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 1997;68(2):156-60.


46. Himmelseher S, Ziegler-Pithamitsis D, Argiriadou H, Martin J, Jelen-Esselborn S, Kochs E. Small-dose S(+)-ketamine reduces postoperative pain when applied with ropivacaine in epidural anesthesia for total knee arthroplasty. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2001;92(5):1290-5.


47. Hirst GC, Lang SA, Dust WN, Cassidy JD, Yip RW. Femoral nerve block. Single injection versus continuous infusion for total knee arthroplasty. Regional Anesthesia 1996;21(4):292-7.


48. Holmstrom A, Hardin BC. Cryo/Cuff compared to epidural anesthesia after knee unicompartmental arthroplasty: a prospective, randomized and controlled study of 60 patients with a 6-week follow-up. Journal of Arthroplasty 2005;20(3):316-21.


49. Hubbard RC, Naumann TM, Traylor L, Dhadda S. Parecoxib sodium has opioid-sparing effects in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty under spinal anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;90(2):166-72.


50. Jacobson L, Kokri MS, Pridie AK. Intrathecal diamorphine: a dose-response study.[see comment]. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 1989;71(5):289-92.


52. Jenny JY, Boeri C, Lafare S. No drainage does not increase complication risk after total knee prosthesis implantation: a prospective, comparative, randomized study. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy 2001;9(5):299-301.


53. Kaloul I, Guay J, Cote C, Fallaha M. The posterior lumbar plexus (psoas compartment) block and the three-in-one femoral nerve block provide similar postoperative analgesia after total knee replacement.[erratum appears in Can J Anaesth. 2005 Jan;52(1):119]. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;51(1):45-51.


54. Kampe S, Diefenbach C, Kanis B, Auweiler M, Kiencke P, Cranfield K. Epidural combination of ropivacaine with sufentanil for postoperative analgesia after total knee replacement: a pilot study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2002;19(9):666-71.


55. Klasen JA, Opitz SA, Melzer C, Thiel A, Hempelmann G. Intraarticular, epidural, and intravenous analgesia after total knee arthroplasty. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1999;43(10):1021-6.


56. Kudoh A, Takase H, Takazawa T. A comparison of anesthetic quality in propofol-spinal anesthesia and propofol-fentanyl anesthesia for total knee arthroplasty in elderly patients. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2004;16(6):405-10.


57. Levy AS, Marmar E. The role of cold compression dressings in the postoperative treatment of total knee arthroplasty. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research 1993(297):174-8.


58. Macalou D, Trueck S, Meuret P, Heck M, Vial F, Ouologuem S, Capdevila X, Virion JM, Bouaziz H. Postoperative analgesia after total knee replacement: the effect of an obturator nerve block added to the femoral 3-in-1 nerve block. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2004;99(1):251-4.


59. Mauerhan DR, Campbell M, Miller JS, Mokris JG, Gregory A, Kiebzak GM. Intra-articular morphine and/or bupivacaine in the management of pain after total knee arthroplasty. Journal of Arthroplasty 1997;12(5):546-52.


60. May LA, Busse W, Zayac D, Whitridge MR. Comparison of Continuous Passive Motion (CPM) Machines and Lower Limb Mobility Boards (LLiMB) in the Rehabilitation of Patients with Total Knee Arthroplasty. Canadian Journal of Rehabilitation 1999;12(4):257-263.


61. Mayman D, Bourne RB, Rorabeck CH, Vaz M, Kramer J. Resurfacing versus not resurfacing the patella in total knee arthroplasty: 8- to 10-year results. Journal of Arthroplasty 2003;18(5):541-5.


62. McCaskie AW, Deehan DJ, Green TP, Lock KR, Thompson JR, Harper WM, Gregg PJ. Randomised, prospective study comparing cemented and cementless total knee replacement: results of press-fit condylar total knee replacement at five years. Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery – British Volume 1998;80(6):971-5.


63. McDonald DD, Molony SL. Postoperative pain communication skills for older adults. Western Journal of Nursing Research 2004;26(8):836-52; discussion 853-9.


64. McInnes J, Larson MG, Daltroy LH, Brown T, Fossel AH, Eaton HM, Shulman-Kirwan B, Steindorf S, Poss R, Liang MH. A controlled evaluation of continuous passive motion in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. JAMA 1992;268(11):1423-8.


65. McNamee DA, Convery PN, Milligan KR. Total knee replacement: a comparison of ropivacaine and bupivacaine in combined femoral and sciatic block. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2001;45(4):477-81.


66. McNamee DA, Parks L, Milligan KR. Post-operative analgesia following total knee replacement: an evaluation of the addition of an obturator nerve block to combined femoral and sciatic nerve block. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46(1):95-9.


67. McSwiney M, Cooper J, Karadia S, Campbell M. Intravenous regional analgesia using morphine. The effect on postoperative pain following total knee arthroplasty. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1997;41(3):345-7.


68. Mitchell C, Walker J, Walters S, Morgan AB, Binns T, Mathers N. Costs and effectiveness of pre- and post-operative home physiotherapy for total knee replacement: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2005;11(3):283-92.


69. Moffet H, Collet JP, Shapiro SH, Paradis G, Marquis F, Roy L. Effectiveness of intensive rehabilitation on functional ability and quality of life after first total knee arthroplasty: A single-blind randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2004;85(4):546-56.


70. Moiniche S, Hjortso NC, Hansen BL, Dahl JB, Rosenberg J, Gebuhr P, Kehlet H. The effect of balanced analgesia on early convalescence after major orthopaedic surgery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1994;38(4):328-35.


71. Montgomery F, Eliasson M. Continuous passive motion compared to active physical therapy after knee arthroplasty: similar hospitalization times in a randomized study of 68 patients. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 1996;67(1):7-9.


72. Muldoon T, Milligan K, Quinn P, Connolly DC, Nilsson K. Comparison between extradural infusion of ropivacaine or bupivacaine for the prevention of postoperative pain after total knee arthroplasty. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;80(5):680-1.


73. Nechleba J, Rogers V, Cortina G, Cooney T. Continuous intra-articular infusion of bupivacaine for postoperative pain following total knee arthroplasty. The Journal of Knee Surgery 2005;18(3):197-202.


74. Ng HP, Cheong KF, Lim A, Lim J, Puhaindran ME. Intraoperative single-shot “3-in-1” femoral nerve block with ropivacaine 0.25%, ropivacaine 0.5% or bupivacaine 0.25% provides comparable 48-hr analgesia after unilateral total knee replacement. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;48(11):1102-8.


75. Nielsen PT, Blom H, Nielsen SE. Less pain with epidural morphine after knee arthroplasty. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 1989;60(4):447-8.


76. Niskanen RO, Strandberg N. Bedside femoral block performed on the first postoperative day after unilateral total knee arthroplasty: a randomized study of 49 patients. The Journal of Knee Surgery 2005;18(3):192-6.


77. Pang WW, Wu HS, Tung CC. Tramadol 2.5 mg x kg(-1) appears to be the optimal intraoperative loading dose before patient-controlled analgesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;50(1):48-51.


78. Park J, Forrest J, Kolesar R, Bhola D, Beattie S, Chu C. Oral clonidine reduces postoperative PCA morphine requirements.[see comment]. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;43(9):900-6.


79. Partio E, Wirta J. Comparison of patellar resurfacing and nonresurfacing in total knee arthroplasty: A prospective randomized study. Journal of Orthopaedic Rheumatology 1995;8(2):69-74.


80. Pettine KA, Wedel DJ, Cabanela ME, Weeks JL. The use of epidural bupivacaine following total knee arthroplasty. Orthopaedic Review 1989;18(8):894-901.


81. Price AJ, Rees JL, Beard D, Juszczak E, Carter S, White S, de Steiger R, Dodd CA, Gibbons M, McLardy-Smith P, Goodfellow JW, Murray DW. A mobile-bearing total knee prosthesis compared with a fixed-bearing prosthesis. A multicentre single-blind randomised controlled trial. Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery – British Volume 2003;85(1):62-7.


82. Rasmussen GL, Steckner K, Hogue C, Torri S, Hubbard RC. Intravenous parecoxib sodium foracute pain after orthopedic knee surgery. American Journal of Orthopedics (Chatham, Nj) 2002;31(6):336-43.


83. Reynolds LW, Hoo RK, Brill RJ, North J, Recker DP, Verburg KM. The COX-2 specific inhibitor, valdecoxib, is an effective, opioid-sparing analgesic in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. Journal of Pain & Symptom Management 2003;25(2):133-41.


84. Riad T, Williams B, Musson J, Wheatley B. Intrathecal morphine compared with diamorphine for postoperative analgesia following unilateral knee arthroplasty. Acute Pain 2002;4(1):5-8.


85. Ritter MA, Koehler M, Keating EM, Faris PM, Meding JB. Intra-articular morphine and/or bupivacaine after total knee replacement. Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery – British Volume 1999;81(2):301-3.


86. Serpell MG, Millar FA, Thomson MF. Comparison of lumbar plexus block versus conventional opioid analgesia after total knee replacement.[see comment]. Anaesthesia 1991;46(4):275-7.


87. Sharrock NE, Urquhart BL, Ganz S, Williams-Russo PG. Epidural infusions of bupivacaine and fentanyl do not improve rehabilitation following one-stage bilateral total knee arthroplasty. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 1994;23(6 Suppl):3-9.


88. Silvanto M, Lappi M, Rosenberg PH. Comparison of the opioid-sparing efficacy of diclofenac and ketoprofen for 3 days after knee arthroplasty. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46(3):322-8.


89. Silvasti M, Pitkanen M. Patient-controlled epidural analgesia versus continuous epidural analgesia after total knee arthroplasty. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2001;45(4):471-6.


90. Singelyn FJ, Deyaert M, Joris D, Pendeville E, Gouverneur JM. Effects of intravenous patient-controlled analgesia with morphine, continuous epidural analgesia, and continuous three-in-one block on postoperative pain and knee rehabilitation after unilateral total knee arthroplasty.[see comment]. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1998;87(1):88-92.


91. Singelyn FJ, Gouverneur JM. Extended “three-in-one” block after total knee arthroplasty: continuous versus patient-controlled techniques. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000;91(1):176-80.


92. Sites BD, Beach M, Biggs R, Rohan C, Wiley C, Rassias A, Gregory J, Fanciullo G. Intrathecal clonidine added to a bupivacaine-morphine spinal anesthetic improves postoperative analgesia for total knee arthroplasty. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2003;96(4):1083-8.


93. Sites BD, Beach M, Gallagher JD, Jarrett RA, Sparks MB, Lundberg CJ. A single injection ultrasound-assisted femoral nerve block provides side effect-sparing analgesia when compared with intrathecal morphine in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2004;99(5):1539-43; table of contents.


94. Smith J, Stevens J, Taylor M, Tibbey J. A randomized, controlled trial comparing compression bandaging and cold therapy in postoperative total knee replacement surgery. Orthopaedic Nursing 2002;21(2):61-6.


95. Straw R, Kulkarni S, Attfield S, Wilton TJ. Posterior cruciate ligament at total knee replacement. Essential, beneficial or a hindrance? Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery – British Volume 2003;85(5):671-4.


96. Szczukowski MJ, Jr., Hines JA, Snell JA, Sisca TS. Femoral nerve block for total knee arthroplasty patients: a method to control postoperative pain. Journal of Arthroplasty 2004;19(6):720-5.


97. Tan PH, Chia YY, Lo Y, Liu K, Yang LC, Lee TH. Intrathecal bupivacaine with morphine or neostigmine for postoperative analgesia after total knee replacement surgery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;48(6):551-6.


98. Tanaka N, Sakahashi H, Sato E, Hirose K, Ishii S. The efficacy of intra-articular analgesia after total knee arthroplasty in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and in patients with osteoarthritis. Journal of Arthroplasty 2001;16(3):306-11.


99. Vandenbussche E, Duranthon LD, Couturier M, Pidhorz L, Augereau B. The effect of tourniquet use in total knee arthroplasty. International Orthopaedics 2002;26(5):306-9.


100. Wakankar HM, Nicholl JE, Koka R, D’Arcy JC. The tourniquet in total knee arthroplasty. A prospective, randomised study.[see comment]. Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery – British Volume 1999;81(1):30-3.


101. Wang H, Boctor B, Verner J. The effect of single-injection femoral nerve block on rehabilitation and length of hospital stay after total knee replacement. Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine 2002;27(2):139-44.


102. Waters TS, Bentley G. Patellar resurfacing in total knee arthroplasty. A prospective, randomized study.[see comment]. Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery – American Volume 2003;85-A(2):212-7.


103. Webb JM, Williams D, Ivory JP, Day S, Williamson DM. The use of cold compression dressings after total knee replacement: a randomized controlled trial. Orthopedics 1998;21(1):59-61.


104. Weber A, Fournier R, Riand N, Gamulin Z. Duration of analgesia is similar when 15, 20, 25 and 30 mL of ropivacaine 0.5% are administered via a femoral catheter. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2005;52(4):390-6.


105. Weber A, Fournier R, Van Gessel E, Riand N, Gamulin Z. Epinephrine does not prolong the analgesia of 20 mL ropivacaine 0.5% or 0.2% in a femoral three-in-one block. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2001;93(5):1327-31.


106. Weinhardt C, Barisic M, Bergmann EG, Heller KD. Early results of subvastus versus medial parapatellar approach in primary total knee arthroplasty. Archives of Orthopaedic & Trauma Surgery 2004;124(6):401-3.


107. Weir PS, Fee JP. Double-blind comparison of extradural block with three bupivacaine-ketamine mixtures in knee arthroplasty. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;80(3):299-301.


108. Weller R, Rosenblum M, Conard P, Gross JB. Comparison of epidural and patient-controlled intravenous morphine following joint replacement surgery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1991;38(5):582-6.


109. Wong CS, Lu CC, Cherng CH, Ho ST. Pre-emptive analgesia with ketamine, morphine and epidural lidocaine prior to total knee replacement. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;44(1):31-7.


110. Wood DJ, Smith AJ, Collopy D, White B, Brankov B, Bulsara MK. Patellar resurfacing in total knee arthroplasty: A prospective, randomized trial. Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery American 2002;84(2).


111. YaDeau JT, Cahill JB, Zawadsky MW, Sharrock NE, Bottner F, Morelli CM, Kahn RL, Sculco TP. The effects of femoral nerve blockade in conjunction with epidural analgesia after total knee arthroplasty. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2005;101(3):891-5.


112. Yeh CC, Ho ST, Kong SS, Wu CT, Wong CS. Absence of the preemptive analgesic effect of dextromethorphan in total knee replacement under epidural anesthesia.[erratum appears in Acta Anaesthesiol Sin 2001 Mar;39(1):inside back cover]. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 2000;38(4):187-93.]